Dry Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in the Greater Seoul Area

Young Sung Ghim; Jin Young Kim

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol.19, No.1, 52-60, January, 2002

DOI10.1007/BF02706874 Export Citation

Dry Deposition of Reactive Nitrogen and Sulfur Compounds in the Greater Seoul Area

Young Sung Ghim^†, and Jin Young Kim

Global Environment Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131 Cheongryang, Seoul 130-650, Korea

E-mail:

While deposition is a removal process of pollutants from the atmosphere, it is an intake process of such pollutants into the ground. It is suggested that surface waters in the Greater Seoul Area, used as a source of drinking water, have been affected by severe air pollution. In this work, the dry deposition of reactive nitrogen and sulfur species was estimated for three typical days in each season for the year of 1997. The CIT (California Institute of Technology) photochemical model incorporated with a gaseous oxidation reaction of SO2 was used. The study revealed that reactive nitrogen deposition was the largest in summer and sulfur deposition was the largest in winter. Most of the reactive nitrogen was deposited in the form of HNO3 and NO2, but HNO3 deposition is highly dependent on the season according to the extent of photochemical production. On the other hand, the contribution of sulfate to the total deposition of sulfur was minimal partly because of low deposition velocity and of the neglect of possible inflow from the boundaries. Approximately 53% of the reactive nitrogen and 30% of the sulfur emitted in the study area was deposited in the ground in the dry form on an annual basis.

Keywords:Dry Deposition;Air Quality Modeling;Acidic Compounds;Photochemistry;Seasonal Variation

[References]

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Businger JA, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Bradley EF, J. Atmospheric Sci., 28, 181 (1971)
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Chang YS, Brown DF, Ghim YS, J. Korea Air Pollution Res. Assoc., 13(E), 35 (1997)
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Fenn ME, Kiefer JW, Environ. Pullut., 104, 179 (1999)
Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN, "Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques," Wiley-Interscience, New York (1985)
Ghim YS, Chem. Ind. Technol., 12(4), 303 (1994)
Ghim YS, Oh HS, Chang YS, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 51, 185 (2001)
Harley RA, Russel AG, McRae GJ, Cass GR, Seinfeld JH, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 378 (1993)
Kim JY, Ghim YS, Kim YP, Dabdub DD, Atmospheric Evniron., 34, 595 (2000)
Kim JY, Ghim YS, "Effects of the Density of Meteorological Observations on the Diagnostic Wind Fields and the Performance of Photochemical Modeling in the Greater Seoul Area," Submitted for Publication in Atmospheric Environment (in revision) (2001)
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McRae GJ, Goodin WR, Seinfeld JH, Atmospheric Environ., 16, 679 (1982)
McRae GJ, Russell AG, Harley RA, "CIT Photochemical Airshed Model," California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA (1992)
Na KS, Kim YP, Moon KC, "Characteristics of Concentrations of C₂-C₉ Hydrocarbons in Urban and Industrial Locations in Ambient Air," (in Korean), Abstract SM5, Fall Meeting of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association, Kyongsan, Korea (1998)
NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research), "A Study on Visibility and Smog Phenomena in Seoul Metropolitan Area (I)," (in Korean), Seoul, Korea (1994)
Park WH, "Koreas Environmental Management of Water Resources and Water Quality," 6th Workshop on Environment Protection Technology Management, Korea Institute of Science and Technology in Association with Korea International Cooperation Agency, Seoul, Korea (1999)
Park J, Cho SY, Atmospheric Environ., 32, 2745 (1998)
Park SU, In HJ, Kim SW, Lee YH, Atmospheric Environ., 34, 3259 (2000)
Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN, "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics from Air Pollution to Climate Change," Wiley-Interscience, New York (1998)
Stockwell WR, Middleton P, Chang JS, Tang X, J. Geophys. Res., 95(16), 343 (1990)
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[Referenced By]

[1] Brook JR, Zhang L, Li Y, Johnson D, Atmospheric Environ., 33, 5053 (1999)

[2] Businger JA, Wyngaard JC, Izumi Y, Bradley EF, J. Atmospheric Sci., 28, 181 (1971)

[3] Carter WPL, Atmospheric Environ., 24A, 481 (1990)

[4] Chang YS, Brown DF, Ghim YS, J. Korea Air Pollution Res. Assoc., 13(E), 35 (1997)

[5] Dennis RL, "Using the Regional Acid Deposition Model to Determine the Nitrogen Deposition Airshed of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed," Atmospheric Deposition of Contaminants to the Great Lakes and Coastal Waters, Baker, J.E., ed., SETAC Technical Publications Series, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), Pensacola, FL (1997)

[6] Fenn ME, Kiefer JW, Environ. Pullut., 104, 179 (1999)

[7] Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN, "Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques," Wiley-Interscience, New York (1985)

[8] Ghim YS, Chem. Ind. Technol., 12(4), 303 (1994)

[9] Ghim YS, Oh HS, Chang YS, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 51, 185 (2001)

[10] Harley RA, Russel AG, McRae GJ, Cass GR, Seinfeld JH, Environ. Sci. Technol., 27, 378 (1993)

[11] Kim JY, Ghim YS, Kim YP, Dabdub DD, Atmospheric Evniron., 34, 595 (2000)

[12] Kim JY, Ghim YS, "Effects of the Density of Meteorological Observations on the Diagnostic Wind Fields and the Performance of Photochemical Modeling in the Greater Seoul Area," Submitted for Publication in Atmospheric Environment (in revision) (2001)

[13] KIST (Korea Institute of Science and Technology), "Study on Longrange Transport of Air Pollutants in Northeast Asia (IV)," (in Korean), Report to the National Institute of Environmental Research, Seoul, Korea (1999)

[14] KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration), "Climatological Standard Normals of Korea," (in Korean), Vol. II, Seoul, Korea (1991)

[15] Kuebler J, Giovannoni JM, Russel AG, Atmospheric Environ., 30, 951 (1996)

[16] Lurmann FW, Carter WP, Coyner LA, "A Surrogate Species Chemical Reaction Mechanism for Urban-Scale Air Quality Simulation Models," Volumes I and II, Report to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Contract 68-02-4104, ERT Inc., Newbury Park, CA and Statewide Air Pollution Research Center, University of California, Reverside, CA (1987)

[17] McRae GJ, Goodin WR, Seinfeld JH, Atmospheric Environ., 16, 679 (1982)

[18] McRae GJ, Russell AG, Harley RA, "CIT Photochemical Airshed Model," California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA (1992)

[19] Na KS, Kim YP, Moon KC, "Characteristics of Concentrations of C₂-C₉ Hydrocarbons in Urban and Industrial Locations in Ambient Air," (in Korean), Abstract SM5, Fall Meeting of the Korea Air Pollution Research Association, Kyongsan, Korea (1998)

[20] NIER (National Institute of Environmental Research), "A Study on Visibility and Smog Phenomena in Seoul Metropolitan Area (I)," (in Korean), Seoul, Korea (1994)

[21] Park WH, "Koreas Environmental Management of Water Resources and Water Quality," 6th Workshop on Environment Protection Technology Management, Korea Institute of Science and Technology in Association with Korea International Cooperation Agency, Seoul, Korea (1999)

[22] Park J, Cho SY, Atmospheric Environ., 32, 2745 (1998)

[23] Park SU, In HJ, Kim SW, Lee YH, Atmospheric Environ., 34, 3259 (2000)

[24] Seinfeld JH, Pandis SN, "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics from Air Pollution to Climate Change," Wiley-Interscience, New York (1998)

[25] Stockwell WR, Middleton P, Chang JS, Tang X, J. Geophys. Res., 95(16), 343 (1990)

[26] Tarnay L, Gertler AW, Blank RR, Taylor GE, Environ. Pollut., 113, 145 (2001)

[27] USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), "Procedures for Applying City-Specific EKMA," EPA-450/4-89-012, Research Triangle Park, NC (1989)

[28] USEPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), Oceans and Coastal Protection Division, http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/oceans/airdep/(accessed in January 2001) (1999)

[29] Vitousek PM, Aber J, Howarth RW, Likens GE, Matson PA, Schindler DW, Schlesinger WH, Tilman GD, "Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle: Causes and Consequences," http;//esa.sdsc.edu/tilman.htm (accessed in January 2001) (1997)

[30] Wesley ML, Cook DR, Hart RL, Speer RE, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 2131 (1985)