The effect of ultrasound and gamma-irradiation used as pre-treatments for the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge at both mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures was examined. Untreated activated sludge was also subjected to anaerobic digestion at these temperatures as a control. The sonication time was 90 s using a Soniprep 150 (MSE Scientific Instruments) which operated at 23 kHz and had been adjusted to give an output of 47 W and the gamma-irradiation dose was 500 krad. The digesters were operated in a semi-continuous mode, being fed with fresh sludge every 24 h at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 8, 10 and 12 days. Over the 24 h period the differences between the digesters, in terms of volatile solids (VS) reductions and biogas production, were not statistically significant for any particular set of conditions. Thermophilic digestion performed better than mesophilic digestion in terms of biogas production, VS reductions (except at HRT of 8 days) and specific methane yields and the optimum retention time was 10 days, at both temperatures. When gas production over the initial eight hours (probably the hydrolytic stage) was examined, it was found that the gas production rates for pre-treated sludges were higher than those for untreated sludges. This was most pronounced at thermophilic temperatures and a HRT of 10 days. Sonication did not affect the numbers of faecal coliforms in the sludge. However, gamma-radiation caused a 3-log reduction and, when coupled with mesophilic digestion, gave a product which contained < 100 g(-1) TS. Thermophilic anaerobic digestion produced sludges which contained < 1 g(-1) TS irrespective of any pre-treatment.