Langmuir, Vol.19, No.4, 1244-1248, 2003
Determination of the dynamic surface excess of a homologous series of cationic surfactants by ellipsometry
Ellipsometry is a powerful experimental technique for studying the surfaces of surfactant solutions both at and away from equilibrium. From a theoretical perspective, there is no simple relationship between ellipsometric parameters at the air-water interface and the surface excess, Gamma, of the surfactant. Here we report neutron reflection measurements of the dynamic surface excess, Gamma(dyn), of the cationic surfactants C(n)AB (n = 14, 18) in an overflowing cylinder (OFC) as a function of the bulk surfactant concentration, to complement earlier measurements on C(16)TAB. These results are compared with ellipsometric measurement of the coefficient of ellipticity, (ρ) over bar, of the surfactant solutions in an OFC in order to generate a calibration curve (ρ) over bar(Gamma). For each surfactant, (ρ) over bar was found to be a linear function of surface excess. For the shorter homologue, n = 12, surface tension measurements on equilibrium solutions have been used to determine the adsorption isotherm and the surface excess was then compared with the coefficient of ellipticity. Again, the relationship between (ρ) over bar and Gamma is linear. A protocol is described for determining surface excesses ellipsometrically in this class of surfactants, and the errors in the procedure are quantified.