The present state of the methods commonly used for inorganic and mineral matter characterization in coal is described and summarized. The application of various separation procedures, macroscopic observations, reflected and transmitted optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential thermal and thermogravimetric analyses, Mossbauer spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and chemical analyses are briefly discussed. A short critical overview on the advantages and limitations of the above listed methods as well as some recommendations during their utilization are also presented.