화학공학소재연구정보센터
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol.125, No.24, 7291-7300, 2003
Michael addition of stannyl ketone enolate to alpha,beta-unsaturated esters catalyzed by tetrabutylammoniurn bromide and an ab initio theoretical study of the reaction course
Michael addition of stannyl ketone enolates to alpha,beta-unsaturated esters was accomplished in the presence of a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium bromide (Bu4NBr). Other typical systems using lithium enolate or silyl enolate with catalysts (TiCl4 or Bu4NF) failed to give the desired products. The bromide anion from Bu4NBr coordinates to the tin center in enolate to accelerate the conjugate addition where a five-coordinated tin species was generated. The coordination of the bromide anion significantly raises the HOMO level of tin enolate and enhances its nucleophilicity. The conjugate addition provides the intermediate Michael adduct, which has an ester enolate moiety, and the adduct immediately transforms to alpha-stannyl gamma-ketoester by keto-enol tautomerization. This step contributes to the stabilization of the product system and leads to a thermodynamically favorable reaction course. An ab initio calculation reveals that the activation energy in the reaction using the bromide anion is lower than that of the reaction without using it. The transition state in either reaction course has a linear structure, not a cyclic one. This system can be applied to a variety of tin enolates and alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyls involving enoates, enones, and unsaturated amides.