Langmuir, Vol.19, No.12, 4905-4912, 2003
Types of phase inversion of silica particle stabilized emulsions containing triglyceride oil
We report on a detailed study of the inversion of triglyceride oil-water emulsions stabilized solely by nanoparticles of silica. The majority of the data refers to pure tricaprylin, although similar findings are observed with the commercial analogue Miglyol 812. The effects of initial particle location, oil:water ratio, emulsification time, and particle concentration have been investigated for emulsions prepared in either a batch or a continuous manner. For particles initially dispersed in water, emulsions invert from simple water-in-oil (w/o) to oil-in-water (o/w) at low water content. For particles originating in oil, inversion occurs from w/o to multiple water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) at high water content. On the basis of measurements of oil-water contact angles on treated glass substrates, the difference between preferred emulsions is argued to be due to the hysteresis in contact angle at the three-phase line. For o/w emulsions, increasing the volume fraction of oil at constant particle concentration in water causes an increase in the average drop size and a concomitant decrease in polydispersity; interestingly, monodisperse emulsions form in a short time at high oil content. The appearance of multiple emulsions is shown to be linked to the coalescence of oil drops with inclusion of the continuous water phase during the process of emulsification. In other cases, fragmentation seems to dominate during emulsion formation.