Inorganic Chemistry, Vol.42, No.17, 5097-5106, 2003
Sterically congested tripodal phosphites: Conformational analysis, solid-state polymorphism, metal complexation, and application to the asymmetric hydrosilation of ketones
The synthesis as well as isolation and crystallographic analysis of two solid-state polymorphs of the tripodal ligand tri{2,2',2"-tris[(2,4,8,10-tetrakis(1,1-dimethylethyl)dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6-yl)oxy]ethyl}amine (3) is described. Form I crystallized from ethyl acetate in the space group P2(1)/n with the unit-cell parameters a = 20.070-(10) Angstrom, b = 17.477(2) Angstrom, c = 27.620(3) Angstrom, and beta = 93.050(10)degrees, V = 9674.5(14) Angstrom(3), and Z = 4. Form II crystallized from a mixture of acetone and toluene in the space group P (1) over bar with the unit-cell parameters a = 12.493-(1) Angstrom, b = 19.701(2) Angstrom, c = 21.027(2) Angstrom, alpha = 116.23(1)degrees, beta = 100.15(1)degrees, and gamma = 91.07(1)degrees, V = 4542 Angstrom(3), and Z = 2. Differences in the relative absolute stereochemistry of the stereoaxes in the seven-membered dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin ring are discussed. The synthesis and X-ray characterization of enantiomerically pure (S,S,S)-tri{2,2',2"-tris[(2,4,8,10-tetrakis(1,1-dimethylethyl)dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin-6-yl)oxy]propyl}amine [(S,S,S)-7] are reported. Two crystallographically independent molecules exist in the unit cell that cannot be superimposed with each other by either a translation or a symmetry operation. The two solid-state conformers in the unit cell differed predominately by the absolute stereochemistry of the stereoaxes in the seven-membered dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin ring. The Rh(I)-catalyzed hydrosilation of acetophenone with the chiral ligands (R,R,S)-7 and (S,SS)-7 showed significant differences in chiral induction. Chiral cooperativity between the stereoaxes and stereocenters in (S,S,S)-7 is observed. The mechanism of the communication between the stereocenters and stereoaxes leading to chiral cooperativity in the stereoselective transition state is suggested to be primarily steric in nature.