Molecular-dynamics simulations of a neat atomic fluid, coupled with a simple model for vibrational frequency perturbations, are used to investigate vibrational line broadening near the liquid-gas critical point. All features of our simulations are in qualitative agreement with recent Raman experiments on nitrogen. We also use our simulation results to assess the validity of the mode-coupling theories that have been used to analyze experiment. We find that the theoretical results are not in good agreement with simulation, both for the temperature dependence of the linewidth, and for the frequency time-correlation functions. However, the mode-coupling prediction that critical line broadening is due to the diverging correlation time of the frequency fluctuations is shown to be correct. (C) 2004 American Institute of Physics.