The reactions of alkyl radicals (R) with molecular oxygen (O-2) are critical components in chemical models of tropospheric chemistry, hydrocarbon flames, and autoignition phenomena. The fundamental kinetics of the R + O-2 reactions is governed by a rich interplay of elementary physical chemistry processes. At low temperatures and moderate pressures, the reactions form stabilized alkylperoxy radicals (RO2) which are key chain carriers in the atmospheric oxidation of hydrocarbons. At higher temperatures, thermal dissociation of the alkylperoxy radicals becomes more rapid and the formation of hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2) and the conjugate alkenes begins to dominate the reaction. Internal isomerization of the RO2 radicals to produce hydroperoxyalkyl radicals, often denoted by QOOH, leads to the production of OH and cyclic ether products. More crucially for combustion chemistry, reactions of the ephemeral QOOH species are also thought to be the key to chain branching in autoignition chemistry. Over the past decade, the understanding of these important reactions has changed greatly. A recognition, arising from classical kinetics experiments but firmly established by recent high-level theoretical studies, that HO2 elimination occurs directly from an alkylperoxy radical without intervenino isomerization has helped resolve tenacious controversies regarding HO2, formation in these reactions. Second, the importance of including formally direct chemical activation pathways, especially for the formation of products but also for the formation of the QOOH species, in kinetic modeling of R + O-2 chemistry hits been demonstrated. In addition, it appears that the crucial rate coefficient for the isomerization of RO2, radicals to QOOH may be significantly larger than previously thought. These reinterpretations of this class of reaction,; have been supported by comparison of detailed theoretical calculations to new experimental results that monitor the formation of products of hydrocarbon radical oxidation following a pulsed-photolytic initiation. In this article, these recent experiments are discussed and their contributions to improving general models of alkyl + O-2 reactions are highlighted. Finally, several prospects are discussed for extending the experimental investigations to the pivotal questions of QOOH radical chemistry.