화학공학소재연구정보센터
홈 로그인 로그아웃 연락처 사이트맵
Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol.12, No.3, 311-351, May, 2006
Export Citation
Recent Progress in Conducting Polymer, Mixed Polymer-Inorganic Hybrid Nanocomposites
Arjun Maity, and Mukul Biswas†
  • Department of Chemistry, Presidency College, Calcutta-73, Wast Bengal, India
E-mail:
The article aims at reviewing the interesting and potential aspects of research accomplished in the area of conducting polymer, mixed polymer - inorganic hybrid nanocomposites during the past two decades. In specific, preparative aspects of hybrid nanocomposites of speciality polymers, conventional polymers and mixed polymer systems with nanodimensional metal oxides, MMT-clay, zeolites, carbon black, acetylene black, buckministerfullerene and carbon nanotubes will be discussed briefly. The mechanisms of polymerization vis-a-vis composite formation will also be discussed for a few typical systems. Notable features of the results of evaluation of structural characteristics by Raman spectroscopy, morphological characteristics by SEM, TEM, X-ray diffraction pattern analyses, thermal stability and dc conductivity behaviors in the various composite systems will also be described system-wise. Special properties like electrorheological characteristics in selective systems and the end use applications of these various composites will also be highlighted.
Keywords:polymer-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites;conductivity;thermal stability;morphology;conducting polymer;electrorheological fluid
  1. Ray SS, Biswas M, Adv. Polym. Sci., 155, 167 (2001)
  2. Ray SS, Okamoto M, Prog. Polym. Sci, 28, 1539 (2003)
  3. Wang C, Guo ZX, Fu S, Wu W, Zhu D, Prog. Polym. Sci, 29, 1079 (2004)
  4. Akelah A, Moet A, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.-Appl. Polym. Symp, 55, 153 (1994)
  5. Bjorklund RB, Liedberg B, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1293 (1986) 
  6. Armes SP, Vincent B, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 288 (1987) 
  7. Armes SP, Aldissi M, Polymer, 31, 569 (1990)
  8. Cawdery N, Obey TM, Vincent B, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1189 (1988) 
  9. Epron F, Henry F, Sagnes O, Mackromol. Chem. Macromol. Symp., 35/36, 577 (1990)
  10. Odegard R, Skothein TA, Lee HS, J. Electrochem. Soc., 138, 2930 (1991)
  11. Digar ML, Bhattacharyya SN, Mandal BM, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 18 (1992) 
  12. Lee JM, Lim KH, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 6(3), 157 (2000)
  13. Armes SP, Aldissi M, Synth. Met., 37, 137 (1990)
  14. Beaman M, Armes SP, Colloid Polym. Sci., 271, 70 (1993)
  15. Armes SP, Aldissi M, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 88 (1989) 
  16. Vincent B, Waterson JW, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 683 (1990) 
  17. Liu JM, Yand C, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 1529 (1991) 
  18. Gospodinova N, Mokrera P, Terlemezyan L, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 923 (1992) 
  19. Armes SP, Aldissi M, Agnew SF, Gottesfeld S, Langmuir, 6, 1745 (1990)
  20. Armes SP, Aldissi M, Agnew SF, Gottesfeld S, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 190, 63 (1990)
  21. Detrmitt C, Armes SP, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 150, 134 (1992)
  22. Armes SP, Miller JF, Vincent B, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 118, 410 (1987)
  23. Armes SP, Aldissi M, Agnew SF, Synth. Met., 28, 837 (1987)
  24. Armes SP, Aldissi M, Idzorek GC, Keaton PW, Rowton LJ, Stradling G, Collopy MT, Mccoll DB, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 144, 119 (1991)
  25. Armes SP, Aldissi M, Synth. Met., 37, 137 (1990)
  26. Simmons MR, Chaloner PA, Armes SP, Greaves SJ, Watts JF, Langmuir, 14(3), 611 (1998)
  27. Stejskal J, Spirkova M, Riede A, Helmstedt M, Krivka I, Prokes J, Polymer, 40, 2487 (1996)
  28. Sung JH, Shin JY, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, J. Mater. Sci., 40(18), 4951 (2005)
  29. Simmons MR, Chaloner PA, Armes SP, Greaves SJ, Watts JF, Langmuir, 14(3), 611 (1998)
  30. Banerjee P, Bhattacharyya SN, Mandal BM, Langmuir, 11(7), 2414 (1995)
  31. Armes SP, Aldissi M, Idzorek GC, Keaton PW, Rowton LJ, Stradling GL, Collopy MT, Mccoll DB, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 141, 119 (1991)
  32. Dearmitt C, Armes SP, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 150, 134 (1991)
  33. Tarcha PJ, Misun D, Wong M, Donovan JJ, In Polymer Latexes: Preparation, Characterization and Applications, E. S. Daniels, E. D. Sudol, M. S. El-Aassar, Eds., ACS Symposium Series No. 492, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 22, 347 (1992)
  34. Simmons MR, Chaloner PA, Armes SP, Langmuir, 11(11), 4222 (1995)
  35. Gill M, Mykytink J, Armes SP, Edwards JL, Yeates T, Moreland PJ, Mollett C, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 108 (1992) 
  36. Idzorek GC, Pigotta T, Langmuir, 8, 2178 (1992)
  37. Terrill NJ, Crowley T, Gill M, Armes SP, Langmuir, 9, 2093 (1993)
  38. Maeda S, Armes SP, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 159, 257 (1993)
  39. Maeda S, Armes SP, J. Mater. Chem., 4, 935 (1994)
  40. Armes SP, Maeda S, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. Prepr., 70, 352 (1994)
  41. Maeda S, Armes SP, Chem. Mater., 7, 171 (1995)
  42. Bhattacharya A, Ganguly KM, De A, Sarkar S, Mater. Res. Bull., 31(5), 527 (1996)
  43. Butterworth MD, Corradi R, Johal J, Lascelles SF, Maeda S, Armes SP, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 174(2), 510 (1995)
  44. Flitton R, Johal J, Maeda S, Armes SP, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 173(1), 135 (1995)
  45. Maeda S, Gill M, Armes SP, Langmuir, 11(6), 1899 (1995)
  46. Armes SP, Gottesfeld S, Beery JG, Garzon F, Agnew SF, Polymer, 32, 2325 (1991)
  47. Stejskal J, Kratochvil P, Armes SP, Lascelles SF, Riede A, Helmstedt M, Prokes J, Krivka I, Macromolecules, 29(21), 6814 (1996)
  48. Ray SS, Biswas M, Synth. Met., 105, 99 (1999)
  49. Ray SS, Biswas M, Synth. Met., 108, 231 (2000)
  50. Ray SS, Biswas M, Mater. Res. Bull., 33(4), 533 (1998)
  51. Maity A, Biswas M, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 88(9), 2233 (2003)
  52. Maity A, Biswas M, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 94(2), 803 (2004)
  53. Maity A, Biswas M, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 90(4), 1058 (2003)
  54. Ballav N, Biswas M, Polym. Int., 52, 179 (2003)
  55. Ballav N, Biswas M, Polym. Int., 53, 1467 (2004)
  56. Ballav N, Biswas M, Synth. Met., 149, 109 (2005)
  57. Maity A, Biswas M, Polym. J., 35, 993 (2003)
  58. Maity A, Biswas M, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., (communicated) (2005)
  59. Maity A, Biswas M, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 96(2), 276 (2005)
  60. Kanatzidis MG, Wu CG, Marcy HO, DeGroot DC, Kannewurf CR, Chem. Mater., 2, 222 (1990)
  61. Kanatzidis MG, Wu CG, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 4139 (1989)
  62. Wu CG, DeGroot DC, Marcy HO, Schindler JL, Kannewurt CR, Liu YJ, Hirpo W, Kanatzidis MG, Chem. Mater., 8, 1992 (1996)
  63. Hartreld J, Wong HP, Dave BC, Dunn B, Nazar LF, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 225, 319 (1998)
  64. Wang L, Schindler J, Kannewurf CR, Kanatzidis MG, J. Mater. Chem., 7, 1277 (1997)
  65. Kanatzidis MG, Tonge LM, Marks TJ, Marcy HO, Kannewurf CR, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 109, 3797 (1987)
  66. Wu CG, Degroot DC, Marcy HO, Schindler JL, Kannewurf CR, Bakas T, Papaefthymiou V, Hirpo W, Yesinowski JP, Liu YJ, Kanatzidis MG, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117(36), 9229 (1995)
  67. Wong HP, Dave BC, Leroux F, Harreld J, Dunn B, Nazar LF, J. Mater. Chem., 8, 1019 (1998)
  68. Murugan AV, Kale BB, Kwon CW, Campet G, Vijayamohanan K, J. Mater. Chem., 11, 2470 (2001)
  69. Liu YJ, Kanatzidis MG, Chem. Mater., 7, 1525 (1995)
  70. Kanatzidis MG, Bissessur R, DeGroot DC, Schindler JL, Kannewurf CR, Chem. Mater., 5, 595 (1993)
  71. Roncali J, Chem. Rev., 92, 711 (1992)
  72. Ballav N, Biswas M, Synth. Met., 132, 213 (2003)
  73. Maity A, Biswas M, Polym. Int., 54, 710 (2005)
  74. Lee IS, Sung JH, Choi HJ, Synth. Met., 152, 173 (2005)
  75. Sung JH, Lee IS, Choi AJ, Choi SB, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 19, 1128 (2005)
  76. Pennwell RC, Ganguly BN, Smith TW, J. Polym. Sci. Macromol. Rev., 13, 63 (1976) 
  77. Bhattacharya A, Ganguly KM, De A, Sarkar S, Mater. Res. Bull., 31(5), 527 (1996)
  78. Zhang Z, Wang M, Synth. Met., 132, 205 (2003)
  79. Biswas M, Ray A, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 49, 2189 (1993)
  80. Ballav N, Biswas M, Synth. Met., 149, 109 (2005)
  81. Ballav N, Biswas M, Polym. Int., 53, 1348 (2004)
  82. Gilman GW, Appl. Clay Sci., 15, 31 (1994)
  83. Ogata N, Kawakage S, Ogihara T, Polymer, 38(20), 5115 (1997)
  84. Kawasumi M, Hasegawa N, Kato M, Usuki A, Okada A, Macromolecules, 30(20), 6333 (1997)
  85. Hasegawa N, Okamoto H, Kawasumi M, Usuki A, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 74(14), 3359 (1999)
  86. Park SJ, Li K, Hong SK, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 11(4), 561 (2005)
  87. Lim ST, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 9(1), 51 (2003)
  88. Fu X, Qutubuddin S, Polymer, 42(2), 807 (2001)
  89. Kim TH, Jang LW, Lee DC, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 23, 191 (2002)
  90. Lan T, Kaviratna PD, Pinnavaia TJ, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 57, 1005 (1996)
  91. Pinnavaia TJ, Lan T, US Patent, 5, 801, 214 (1998)
  92. Alexandre M, Dubois P, Mater. Sci. Eng. R-Rep., 28, 1 (2000)
  93. LeBaron PC, Wang Z, Pinnavaia TJ, Appl. Clay Sci., 15, 11 (1999)
  94. Hoffman B, Dietrich C, Thomann R, Friedrich C, Muthaupt R, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 21, 57 (2000)
  95. Biswas M, Ray SS, Polymer, 39(25), 6423 (1998)
  96. Ballav N, Biswas M, Polym. J., 36, 1 (2006)
  97. Ballav N, Biswas M, Synth. Met., 142, 309 (2004)
  98. Kim JW, Kim SG, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 20, 450 (1999)
  99. Kim JW, Liu F, Choi HJ, Hong SH, Joo J, Polymer, 44(1), 289 (2003)
  100. Kim BH, Hong SH, Joo J, Park IW, Epstein AJ, Kim JW, Choi HJ, J. Appl. Phys., 95, 2697 (2004)
  101. Park DP, Sung JH, Lim ST, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 22(18), 1299 (2003)
  102. Kim BH, Jung JH, Hong SH, Joo J, Epstein AJ, Mizoguchi K, Kim JW, Choi HJ, Macromolecules, 35(4), 1419 (2002)
  103. Kim JW, Kim SG, Choi HJ, Suh MS, Shin MJ, Jhon MS, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 15, 657 (2001)
  104. Mehrotra V, Giannelis EP, Solid State Commun., 77, 155 (1991)
  105. Mehrotra V, Giannelis EP, Solid State Commun., 51, 155 (1992)
  106. Ray SS, Biswas M, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 73(14), 2971 (1999)
  107. Kim JW, Liu F, Choi HJ, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 8(4), 399 (2002)
  108. Sohn JI, Kim JW, Kim BH, Joo J, Choi HJ, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 377, 333 (2002)
  109. Ballav N, Sardar PS, Ghosh S, Biswas M, J. Mater. Sci., In press (2006)
  110. Ruiz-Hitzky E, Aranda P, Casal B, Galvan J, Adv. Mater., 7, 154 (1995)
  111. Vaia RA, Vasudevan S, Wlodzimierz K, Scanlon L, Giannelis EP, Adv. Mater., 7, 154 (1995)
  112. Aranda P, Adv. Mater., 5, 334 (1993)
  113. Aranda P, Ruiz-Hitzky E, Electrochim. Acta, 37, 1573 (1992)
  114. Ruiz-Hitzky E, Aranda P, Adv. Mater., 2, 545 (1990)
  115. Hutchison JC, Bissessur R, Shriver DF, Chem. Mater., 8, 1597 (1996)
  116. Wu J, Lerner M, Chem. Mater., 5, 835 (1993)
  117. Wong S, Vasudevan S, Vaia RA, Giannelis EP, Zax DB, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117(28), 7568 (1995)
  118. MacCallum JR, Vincent CA, Polymer Electrolytes Reviews, Elsevier, London, Vol. 1 and 2 (1987)
  119. Biswas M, Ray SS, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 77(13), 2948 (2000)
  120. SinhaRay S, Biswas M, Mater. Res. Bull., 34(8), 1187 (1999)
  121. Biswas M, Maity NC, Adv. Polym. Sci., 31, 47 (1979)
  122. Densakulprasert N, Wannatong L, Chotpattananout D, Hiamtup P, Sirivat A, Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol., 117, 276 (2005)
  123. Roque R, Onate J, Reguera E, J. Mater. Sci., 28, 2321 (1993)
  124. Millar GJ, Mccann GF, Hobbis CM, Bowmarker GA, Cooney RP, J. Chem. Soc.-Faraday Trans., 90, 2579 (1994)
  125. Mccann GE, Millar GJ, Bowmarker GA, Cooney RP, J. Chem. Soc.-Faraday Trans., 91, 21321 (1995)
  126. Wu CG, Bein T, Science, 266(5187), 1013 (1994)
  127. Cho MS, Choi HJ, Ahn WS, Langmuir, 20(1), 202 (2004)
  128. Choi HJ, Cho MS, Ahn WS, Synth. Met., 135, 711 (2003)
  129. Lee S, Cho MS, Hong CH, Choi HJ, Yoon SS, Ahn WS, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., 156, 517 (2005)
  130. Choi JR, Kim Y, Yoon M, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 22, 1049 (2001)
  131. Maity A, Ballav N, Biswas M, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., In press (2006)
  132. Bein T, Enzel P, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 114, 1326 (1989) 
  133. Bein T, Enzel P, J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun., 114, 10834 (1989)
  134. Bein T, Enzel P, Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. Engl., 28, 1692 (1989) 
  135. Bein T, Enzel P, J. Phys. Chem., 93, 6270 (1989)
  136. Maity A, Sahasardar P, Biswas M, (unpublished results)
  137. Matsumoto A, Kitajima T, Tsutsumi K, Langmuir, 15(22), 7626 (1999)
  138. Chao TH, Erf HA, J. Catal., 100, 492 (1986)
  139. Larsen G, Haller GL, Marquez M, J. Phys. Chem., 96, 4145 (1992)
  140. Duan XD, Chen H, He YJ, Luo WL, J. Phys. D-Appl. Phys., 33, 696 (2000)
  141. See H, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 10(7), 1132 (2004)
  142. Choi HJ, Cho MS, Kim JW, Kim CA, Jhon MS, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 3806 (2001)
  143. Choi HJ, Cho MS, Kang KK, Ahn WS, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 39, 19 (2000)
  144. Sung JH, Cho MS, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 10(7), 1217 (2004)
  145. Cho MS, Choi HJ, Chin IJ, Ahn WS, Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 32, 233 (1999)
  146. Ray A, Biswas M, Polymer, 34, 2903 (2004)
  147. Ballav N, Maity A, Biswas M, Mater. Chem. Phys., 87, 120 (2004)
  148. Ballav N, Biswas M, Polym. Int., 54, 725 (2005)
  149. Maity A, Biswas M, Polym. J., 36, 1 (2004)
  150. Maity A, Biswas M, Int. J. Polymeric Mater., 55, 175 (2006) 
  151. Chen G, Weng W, Wu D, Wu C, Eur. Polym. J., 39, 2339 (2003)
  152. Chen Y, Wang JX, Zhang DZ, Cai RF, Yu HX, Su CW, Huang ZE, Polymer, 41(21), 7877 (2000)
  153. Biswas M, Ray SS, Synth. Met., 123, 135 (2001)
  154. Yang CY, Heeger AJ, Synth. Met., 83, 85 (1996)
  155. Chen Y, Lin KC, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 37(15), 2969 (1999)
  156. Chen Y, Wang JX, Shen JZ, Cai RF, Huang Z, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 37(20), 3745 (1999)
  157. Yoshino K, Yin XH, Muru K, Kiyomatsu S, Morita S, Zakhidov AA, Noguchi T, Ohnishi T, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 32, L357 (1993)
  158. Dalton AB, Collins S, Munoz E, Razal JM, Ebron VH, Ferraris JP, Coleman JN, Kim BG, Baughman RH, Nature, 423, 703 (2003)
  159. Satapathy BK, Weidisch R, Potschke P, Janke A, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 26, 1246 (2005)
  160. Park SJ, Park SY, Cho MS, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, Synth. Met., 152, 337 (2005)
  161. Choi HJ, Park SJ, Lim ST, Jhon MS, Diam. Relat. Mat., 14, 766 (2005)
  162. Sainz R, Benito AM, Martinez MT, Galindo JF, Sotres J, Baro AM, Corraze B, Chauvet O, Dalton AB, Baughnan RH, Maser WK, Nanotechnology, 16, S150 (2005)
  163. Maity A, Biswas M, Synth. Met., (Communicated) (2006)
  164. Deng JG, Ding XB, Peng YX, Chan ASC, Chinese Chem. Lett., 12, 1037 (2001)
  165. Maser WK, Benito AM, Callejas MA, Seeger T, Martinez MT, Schreiber J, Muszynski J, Chauvet O, Osvath Z, Koos AA, Biro LP, Mater. Sci. Eng. C-Biomimetic Supramol. Syst., 23, 87 (2003)
  166. An KH, Jeon KK, Heo JK, Lim SC, Bae DJ, Lee YH, J. Electrochem. Soc., 149(8), A1058 (2002)
  167. Philip B, Xie JN, Abraham JK, Varadan VK, Polym. Bull., 53(2), 127 (2005)
  168. Wang J, Dai JH, Yarlagadda T, Langmuir, 21(1), 9 (2005)
  169. Zhao BB, Hu H, Haddon RC, Adv. Funct. Mater., 14, 71 (2004)
  170. Jin HJ, Choi HJ, Yoon SH, Myung SJ, Shin SE, Chem. Mater., 17, 4034 (2005)
  171. Sung JH, Kim HS, Jin HJ, Choi HJ, Chin IJ, Macromolecules, 37(26), 9899 (2004)
  172. Park SJ, Cho MS, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 24, 1070 (2003)
  173. Park SJ, Cho MS, Lim ST, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 26, 1563 (2005)
  174. Park SJ, Lim ST, Cho MS, Kim HM, Joo J, Choi HJ, Curr. Appl. Phys., 5, 302 (2005)
  175. Kim K, Cho SJ, Kim ST, Chin IJ, Choi YJ, Macromolecules, 38(26), 10623 (2005)
  176. Sapurina I, Mokeev M, Lavrentev V, Zgonnik V, Trchova M, Hlavata D, Stejskal J, Eur. Polym. J., 36, 2321 (2000)
  177. Li M, Wan M, Solid State Commun., 93, 681 (1995)
  178. Lee HJ, Park SM, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108(5), 1590 (2004)
  179. Saha SK, Su YK, Lin CL, Jaw DW, Nanotechnology, 15, 66 (2004)
  180. Gao M, Huang S, Dai L, Wallace G, Gao R, Wang Z, Angew. Chem.-Int. Edit., 39, 3664 (2000)
  181. Chen GZ, Shaffer MSP, Coleby D, Dixon G, Zhou W, Fray DJ, Windle AH, Adv. Mater., 12, 522 (2000)
  182. Norris ID, Shaker MM, Ko FK, MacDiarmid AG, Synth. Met., 114, 109 (2000)
  183. Park SJ, Park SY, Cho MS, Choi HJ, Joo J, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 425, 299 (2004)
  184. Shin YM, Hohman MM, Brenner MP, Rutledge GC, Appl. Phys. Lett., 78, 1149 (2001)
  185. Garces JM, Moll DJ, Bicerano JB, Fibiger R, McLeod DG, Adv. Mater., 12, 1835 (2000)
  186. Gangopadhyay R, De A, Chem. Mater., 12, 608 (2000)
  187. Winiarz JW, Zhuang L, Lal M, Friend CS, Prasad PN, Chem. Phys., 245, 417 (1999)
  188. Prasad PN, J. Chem. Phys., 94, 5282 (1991)
  189. Qi Z, Lefebvre MC, Pickup PG, J. Electroanal. Chem., 459, 9 (1998)
  190. Costello PBJD, Evans P, Ewen RJ, Honeybourne CL, Ratcliffe NM, J. Mater. Chem., 6, 289 (1996)
  191. Jethalani JM, Ford WT, Chem. Mater., 8, 2138 (1996)
  192. Choi SB, Choi HJ, Choi YT, Wereley NM, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 96(5), 1924 (2005)
  193. Sim IS, Kim JW, Choi HJ, Kim CA, Jhon MS, Chem. Mater., 13, 243 (2001)
  194. Cho MS, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, Polymer, 46(25), 11484 (2005)
  195. Lee IS, Cho MS, Choi HJ, Polymer, 46(4), 1317 (2005)
  196. Cho MS, Cho YH, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, Langmuir, 19(14), 5875 (2003)
  197. Cho MS, Kim JW, Choi HJ, Jhon MS, Polym. Adv. Technol., 16, 352 (2005)
  198. Hong CH, Choi HJ, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 19, 1149 (2005)
  199. Choi HJ, Cho MS, Lee IS, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B, 19, 1077 (2005)
  200. Hwang JY, Chin I, Choi HJ, Lee K, Guiseppi-Elie A, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 407, 403 (2003)