Phosphorus can be recovered from wastewater through crystallisation of struvite, MgNH4PO4 (.) 6HO. Approximately 1 kg of struvite can be crystallised from 100 m(3) of wastewater. Crystallisation is profitable compared to chemical and-biological removal of phosphorus due to savings from the reduction in (i) chemicals used for precipitation and sludge disposal; and (ii) downtime for cleaning unwanted struvite formed during chemical and biological removal. The struvite produced annually from a wastewater treatment plant that processed 100 m(3)/d, would be sufficient to apply on 2.6 ha of arable land, as fertilizer. If struvite were to be recovered from wastewater treatment plants worldwide, 0.63 million tons of phosphorus (as P2O5) could be harvested annually, reducing phosphate rock mining by 1.6%. Therefore, this technology could provide opportunities to recover phosphorus sustainably from waste streams and preserve phosphorus reserves. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.