Journal of Materials Science, Vol.41, No.22, 7437-7445, 2006
Enhancement of the Seebeck coefficient in touching M/Bi-Te/M (M = Cu and Ni) composites
The resultant Seebeck coefficient alpha of the touching p- and n-type M/Bi-Te/M (M = Cu and Ni) composites was measured as a function of z at a scan step of 0.5 mm using thermocouples set at three different intervals of s = 4, 6.5 and 8 mm, where s is the interval between two probes and z is the distance from the center of Bi-Te compound to the middle of two thermocouples. Bi-Te compounds have a thickness of t (Bi-Te) = 6 mm but the thickness t (M) of both end metals sandwiching their compounds was varied from 0.5 mm to 6 mm. The composites were compacted tightly at a force of about 10 N by a ratchet. When two probes are placed on both end metals, the resultant alpha was significantly enhanced and exhibited a tendency to increase as s approaches t (Bi-Te), like the welded composites. The enhancement in alpha is attributed to the contribution from the barrier thermo-emf generated near the interface. When the thickness t (0) of metal outside two probes set at s = 6.5 mm was increased from 0.25 mm to 5.75 mm, the averaged alpha for M = Cu and Ni was increased by 3.8% in the p-type composite, while reversely it was decreased by 4.8% in the n-type one. It was first observed that t (0) also has a significant influence on the resultant alpha. The maximum alpha of the p- and n-type Ni/Bi-Te/Ni composites then reached great values of 264 mu V/K at t (M) = 6 mm (corresponding to t (0) = 5.75 mm) and -280 mu V/K at t (M) = 1.2 mm (corresponding to t (0) = 0.95 mm), respectively, which are 29% and 23% larger in absolute value than their intrinsic alpha values. These maximum alpha were barely changed with time. It was thus found that the barrier thermo-emf is generated steadily even in touching composites and the resultant alpha is highly sensitive to the position of leads connected to the metal electrode of a thermoelement.