Communication: Hydrophobically modified poly(acrylic acid) with hydrocarbon groups (PH), fluorocarbon groups (PF) or both of them (PHF) were synthesized. Their interactions with the HC nonionic surfactant Np7.5 and FC nonionic surfactant FC171 were investigated and compared by means of rheological measurements. Co-modification of the polyelectrolyte improves the miscibility of the hydrophobic groups with either Np7.5 or FC171. In the presence of salt, associations of PHF and PH with Np7.5 evolved differently.