Aims: The effects of water activity (0.90-0.99 a(w)), temperature (15-37degreesC), and their interaction on growth and ochratoxin A (OTA) production by eight isolates of Aspergillus carbonarius were investigated on synthetic nutrient medium (SNM) with composition similar to grapes. Methods and Results: Growth data were modelled by an multiple linear regression and response surface models were obtained. Aspergillus carbonarius grew much faster at 30degreesC than at the other temperature levels tested and its growth rate increased with increasing a(w), maximum growth rate being between 0.95 and 0.99 a(w). In general, isolates grew faster at 35-37degreesC than at 20degreesC, although no significant differences were found between these temperatures. OTA accumulation was also favoured by high a(w) levels, and although it was observed in the whole range of temperatures, maximum amounts were detected at 20degreesC. No OTA was found at the most unfavourable growth conditions. Conclusions: Optimum a(w) level for growth seems to correspond with optimum for OTA production, meanwhile the most propitious temperature for the toxin production was below the best one for growth. Significance and Impact of the Study: Prediction of A. carbonarius growth would allow estimating their presence and therefore, the OTA production, as it was found that conditions for the toxin production were more limited than those permitting growth.