Due to concerns with stover collection systems, soil sustainability, and processing costs to produce ethanol, there are opportunities to investigate the optimal plant fractions to collect. Wheat stover fractions were separated by hand and analyzed for glucan, xylan, acid-soluble lignin, acid-insoluble lignin, and ash composition. Internodes had the highest glucan content (38.2% zero percent moisture basis) and the other fractions varied between 29.9% and 33.4%. The stover fractions were pretreated with either 0%, 0.4%. or 0.8% NaOH for 2h at room temperature, washed, autoclaved, and saccharified. In addition, acid pretreated samples underwent simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSE) to ethanol. In general, the acid and alkaline pretreatments produced similar trends with leaves requiring very little pretreatment to achieve high conversion rates (greater than 80%). Chaff responded very well to pretreatment and high conversion efficiencies resulted when pretreated under alkaline or acidic conditions. Nodes and internodes were more recalcitrant than the other anatomical fractions. Pretreatment with 0.8% sulfuric acid (0.24g sulfuric acid/g biomass) did not result in a significantly hi-her conversion of glucan to ethanol as the native material. Pretreatment with 0.8% NaOH (0.06 g NaOH/g biomass) at room temperature for 2h resulted in high conversion efficiencies for all plant fractions, greater than 73% of the available glucan. These differences in pretreatment susceptibilities suggest that a biomass collection system that removes specific portions of wheat stover could result in significant differences in ethanol production costs. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.