The effect of annealing temperature T-ann on mixed proton transport and charge transfer-controlled oxygen reduction in gas diffusion electrodes used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) was investigated in 1 M H2SO4 solution using AC-impedance spectroscopy and potentiostatic current transient technique. For this purpose, the gas diffusion electrodes were annealed at different temperatures ranging from 140 degrees to 180 degrees C in order to control the proton transport resistance distribution across the active catalyst layer (ACL). For the annealed gas diffusion electrodes with different proton transport resistance distributions, the measured impedance spectra exhibited a straight line inclined at a constant angle higher in absolute value than 45 degrees to the real axis at high frequencies, followed by a depressed arc at low frequencies. From the quantitative analysis of the measured impedance spectra based upon the transmission line model (TLM) modified with the proton transport resistance distribution, it was found that as T-ann increased, the average proton transport resistance R-ave and the standard deviation a of the proton transport resistance distribution increased as well. Furthermore, as Tann rose, the charge transfer resistance R,, increased and simultaneously the double layer capacitance C-dl decreased due to the smaller electrochemical active area A(ea). From the analysis of the cathodic current transients measured during nitrogen blowing, it was noted that as T m increased, the current decayed more rapidly with time, suggesting that the larger values of R-ave and sigma kinetically impede proton transport through the Nafion membrane within the ACL due to the wider RC time constant distribution. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.