Highly oriented lamellar nanoparticle-phospholipid nanocomposites are deposited on solid surfaces via evaporation-induced self-assembly. The TEM, X-ray reflectivity, grazing incident X-ray diffraction, and photoluminescence spectrum measurements show that the nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in the interfacial regions between the lipid bilayers. The period of the lamellar nanocomposites and the interparticle separation can be readily controlled by adjusting the relative concentration of the nanoparticles and the phospholipids and/or by adding charged phospholipids into the lipid bilayers.