Transformed shoot and root cultures of Artemisia annua L. were established by infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain T37 and A. rhizogenes LBA 9402. These cultures were able to grow in a hormone-free medium and produce artemisinin during prolonged subcultures. Several clones of transformed shoots were obtained and the average artemisinin content found in them was approximately 0.018 +/- 0.004% dry weight (DW). Changes in Ca2+, Mg2+, and PO43- concentration of the RT vitamin complex medium (MSRT) did not induce an increase in artemisinin production. The addition of plant growth regulators such as GA(3) improved the artemisinin production of 300-400% of the control value. Transformed root cultures showed a strong morphological instability and accumulated law levels of artemisinin (0-0.01% DW).