Acid mine drainage waters are characterised by a low pH, high concentrations of heavy metals, high levels of sulphate salts and low concentrations of organic material. The biological treatment of these waters has been a subject of increasing focus as an alternative to physico-chemical treatment. The utilisation of lignocellulose as a carbon source has been restricted by the amount of reducing equivalents available within the lignocellulose matrix. This present study demonstrated that lignocellulose could be utilised as a carbon source for sulphate reduction. It was shown that the initial reduction of sulphate observed using lignocellulose as a carbon source was due to the easily extractable components. This degradation resulted in the production of sulphide (similar to 500 mg/l), which further aided in the degradation of lignin (observed as a release of aromatic compounds), allowing greater access to cellulose (and release of reducing sugars). (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.