Micro-joints between poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) film and titanium (Ti) foil with a joint width of 250 mm were fabricated by a transmission laser joining technique. The Ti and PVDF surfaces exposed by debonding the joint were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The XPS results suggest that laser joining leads to the formation of Ti-F and Ti-C chemical bonds at the interface. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.