Mutations in the alpha synuclein gene (SNCA) are the most potent cause Of autosomal dominant Parkinson disease (PD) while mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene are the most common cause. We hypothesized that a direct interaction may exist between their protein products. Here we show that full-length Lrrk2 or fragments containing its kinase domain have a significant capacity to phosphorylate recombinant alpha synuclein (Asyn) at serine 129. Such phosphorylated Asyn is the major component of pathological deposits in PD. We further show that the G2019S mutation in Lrrk2, which is the most common genetic determinant of PD, has a significantly greater capacity than wild-type Lrrk2 to phosphorylate Asyn. This Suggests that the G2019S mutant protein may cause PD by generating pathological levels of phosphorylated Asyn. Controlling Lrrk2 Asyn phosphokinase activity may be an approach to disease modifying therapy for PD and Other synucleinopathies. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.