Short-term lime Pretreatment uses lime and high-pressure oxygen to significantly increase the digestibility of poplar wood. When the treated poplar wood was enzymatically hydrolyzed, glucan and xylan were converted to glucose and A:xlose, respectively. To calculate product yields from raw biomass, these sugars were expressed as equivalent glucan and,xylan. To recommend pretreatment conditions, the single criterion was the maximum overall glucan and xylan yields using a cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g glucan it? raw biomass. On this basis, the recommended conditions for short-term lime pretreatment of poplar wood follow: (I) 2 h, 140 degrees C, 21.7 bar absolute and (2) 2 h, 160 degrees C, and 14.8 bar absolute. In these two cases, the reactivity was nearly identical, thus the selected condition depends on the economic trade off between pressure and temperature. Considering glucose and,xylose and their oligomers produced during 72 It of enzymatic hydrolysis, the overall yields attained under these recommended conditions follow: (1) 95.5 g glucan/100 g of glucan in raw biomass and 73.1 g xylan/100 g xylan in raw biomass and (2) 94.2 g glucan/100 g glucan in raw biomass and 73.2 g xylan/100 g xylan in raw biomass. The yields improved by increasing the enzyme loading. An optimal enzyme cocktail was identified as 67% cellulase, 12% beta-glucosidase, and 24% xylanase (mass of protein basis) with cellulase activity of 15 FPU/g glucan in raw biomass and total enzyme loading of 51 mg protein/g glucan in raw biomass. Ball milling the time-treated poplar wood allowed for 100% conversion of glucan in 120 h with a cellulose loading of only 10 FPU/g glucan it? raw biomass. (C) 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 25: 323-332, 2009