Cajal bodies (CBs) are nuclear organelles involved in the maturation of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins required for the processing of pre-mRNAs. They concentrate coilin, splicing factors and the survival of motor neuron protein (SMN). By using immunocytochemistry and transfection experiments with GFP-SUMO-1, DsRed1-Ubc9, GFP-coilin and GFP-SMN constructs we demonstrate the presence of SUMO-1 and the SUMO conjugating enzyme (Ubc9) in a subset of CBs in undifferentiated neuron-like UR61 cells. Furthermore, SUMO-1 is transiently localized into neuronal CBs from adult nervous tissue in response to osmotic stress or inhibition of methyltransferase activity. SUMO-1-positive CBs contain coilin, SMN and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, suggesting that they are functional CBs involved in pre-mRNA processing. Since coilin and SMN have several putative motifs of SUMO-1 modification, we suggest that the sumoylation of coilin and/or SMN might play a role in the molecular reorganization of CBs during the neuronal differentiation or stress-response. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.