D-3-Deoxyphosphatidylinositol (D-3-deoxy-PI) derivatives have cytotoxic activity against various human cancer cell lines. These phosphatidylinositols have a potentially wide array of targets in the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling network. To explore the specificity of these types of molecules, we have synthesized D-3-deoxydioctanoylphosphatidylinositol (D-3-deoxy-diC(8)PI), D-3,5-dideoxydiC(8)PI, and D-3-deoxy-diC(8)PI-5-phosphate and their enantiomers, characterized their aggregate formation by novel high-resolution field cycling P-31 NMR, and examined their susceptibility to phospholipase C (PLC), their effects on the catalytic activities of PI3K and PTEN against diC(8)PI and diC(8)PI-3-phosphate substrates, respectively, and their ability to induce the death of U937 human leukemic monocyte lymphoma cells. Of these molecules, only D-3-cleoxy-diC(8)PI was able to promote cell death; it did so with a median inhibitory concentration of 40 mu M, which is much less than the critical micelle concentration of 0.4 mM. Under these conditions, little inhibition of PI3K or PTEN was observed in assays of recombinant enzymes, although the complete series of deoxy-PI compounds did provide insights into ligand binding by PTEN. D-3-DeoxydiC(8)PI was a poor substrate and not an inhibitor of the PLC enzymes. The in vivo results are consistent with the current thought that the PI analogue acts on Akt1, since the transcription initiation factor eIF4e, which is a downstream signaling target of the PI3K/Akt pathway, exhibited reduced phosphorylation on Ser209. Phosphorylation of Akt1 on Ser473 but not Thr308 was reduced. Since the potent cytotoxicity for U937 cells was completely lost when L-3-deoxy-diC(8)PI was used as well as when the hydroxyl group at the inositol C5 in D-3-deoxy-diC(8)PI was modified (by either replacing this group with a hydrogen or phosphorylating it), both the chirality of the phosphatidylinositol moiety and the hydroxyl group at C5 are major determinants of the binding of 3-deoxy-PI to its target in cells.