Membrane lipids are active contributors to cell function as key mediators in signaling pathways controlling cell functions including inflammation, apoptosis, migration, and proliferation. Recent work on multimolecular lipid structures suggests a critical role for lipid organization in regulating the function of both lipids and proteins. Of particular interest in this context are the polyphosphoinositides (PPI's), especially phosphatidylinositol (4,5) bisphosphate (PIP2). The cellular functions of PIP2 are numerous but the organization of PIP2 in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, as well as the factors controlling targeting of PIP2 to specific proteins, remains poorly understood. To analyze the organization of PIP2 in a simplified planar system, we used Langmuir monolayers to study the effects of subphase conditions on monolayers of purified naturally derived PIP2 and other anionic or zwitterionic phospholipids. We report a significant molecular area expanding effect of subphase monovalent salts on PIP2 at biologically relevant surface densities. This effect is shown to be specific to PIP2 and independent of subphase pH. Chaotropic agents (e.g., salts, trehalose, urea, temperature) that disrupt water structure and the ability of water to mediate intermolecular hydrogen bonding also specifically expanded PIP2 monolayers. These results suggest a combination of water-mediated hydrogen bonding and headgroup repulsion in determining the organization of PIP2, and may contribute to an explanation for the unique functionality of PIP2 compared to other anionic phospholipids.