Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNT), consisting of two coaxial tubes, is an ideal structure for chemical and physical applications. It is of essential importance to probe the one-to-one relationship between electrical transport and chiral structure of DWNTs. Here, the chirality-dependent transport properties of DWNTs have been systematically investigated in situ on their field-effect transistors, through building DWNT-based field-effect transistors into a transmission electron microscope. The transport characteristics of DWNTs can be directly correlated with their chiral indices, and the probe of inner tubes has also been achieved in situ.