The design of the optimal operating conditions for simulated moving bed (SMB) adsorptive separation units is considered. A procedure for the a priori selection of the operating conditions to achieve an assigned separation requirement is developed in the frame of equilibrium theory for the equivalent four section countercurrent unit, using a model where the adsorption equilibria are described through the constant selectivity stoichiometric model, while both mass transfer resistance and axial dispersion are neglected. The space of the operating parameters, i.e. the mass now rate ratios m(j), is divided in regions with different separation regimes. Curves at constant outlets purity and recovery are drawn in the (m(2),m(3)) plane. The introduction of three performance parameters, desorbent requirement, adsorbent requirement, and productivity, allows the development of a procedure for the design of optimal operating conditions. This procedure is completed, accounting for the effect of the switching time on the separation performances, with a detailed model of the SMB unit, considering both axial dispersion and mass transfer resistance. This result constitutes a useful tool for determining the range of operating conditions to achieve an assigned separation requirement and then for selecting the optimal operating condition within this range.