In this work, we describe a novel facile method to prepare long one-dimensional hybrid nanofibers by using hydrated bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCF) as template. Palladium-copper nanoparticles were prepared in BCF by immersing BCF in a mixture solution of PdCl2 and CuCl2 in water and followed reduction of absorbed metallic ion inside of BCF to the metallic Pd-Cu nanoparticles using potassium borohydride. The bare BCF and the composites were characterized by a range of analytical techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results reveal that the Pd-Cu nanoparticles were homogeneously precipitated on the BCF surface. The Pd-Cu/BCF was used as a catalyst for water denitrification, which showed that it has high catalytic activity. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.