Nucleotides are new players in intercellular communication network. P2X family receptors are ATP-gated plasma membrane ion channels with diverse biological functions. Their distribution patterns and significance in pediatric leukemias have not been established Here we investigated the expression of P2X receptors in BMMC samples from Chinese pediatric acute leukemias Real-time PCR and Western blot results showed that P2X1, P2X4, P2X5 and P2X7 receptors were simultaneously over expressed in leukemias compared with controls. whereas P2X2, P2X3 and P2X6 were absent or marginally expressed in both groups. It was worth noting that the co-expression feature of them, especially between P2X4 and P2X7, could be observed and the highest expression of P2X7 was detected in relapsed patients Moreover, concomitant decrease of P2X4, P2X5 and P2X7 expressions was observed at CR stage in a follow-up study. Functional P2X7 was also verified These results suggested that P2X1, P2X4, P2X5 and P2X7 were hematopoiesis-related P2X receptors. and their signaling. especially for P2X7, might play important roles in pediatric leukemias P2X receptors might co-operatively contribute to the malignant phenotype in human pediatric leukemias. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.