INHIBITION EFFECTIVENESS OF DRY CHEMICAL IN METHANE/AIR FLAMES

Kim HT

Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, Vol.9, No.1, 1-7, January, 1992

Inhibition effectiveness of dry chemical powders has been examined by detecting the temperature changes in the quenched flat-flame burner. A special particle delivery system was constructed to supply reliable particle concentration to a quenched flat flame. Particle evaporation phenomena in the flat flame environment was investigated by utilizing laser attenuation method which could determine the fraction of particle disappearance in the flame. The result from the flat flame could determine the fraction of particle disappearance in the flame. The result from the flat flame inhibition experiments have clearly demonstrated that the ranking of effectiveness among KHCO₃, NaHCO₃, and NaCl reverses over the 1200-2000K temperature range as flame suppressants. The results also showed that dry chemicals are effective inhibitor in the high temperature condition such as in the gaseous flame but not effective one in the coal flame of low temperature. It is concluded that, of all the experiment-specific flame properties, the maximum flame temperature at which the inhibitor evaluation is conducted, was a major parameter to determine the flame inhibition effective-ness in this work.

[References]

Dolan J, "The Suppression of Methane/air Ignitions by Fire Powders," Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold, NY, 787 (1957)
McCamy C, Shoub H, Lee T, "Fire Extinguishment by Means of Dry Powder," Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold, NY, 795 (1957)
Vanpee M, Tromans R, Burgess D, Prog. Astronatics Aeronautics, 15, 419 (1964)
Rosser W, Inami S, Wise H, Combust. Flame, 7, 107 (1963)
Lee T, Robertson A, Fire Res. Abstr. Rev., 1, 107 (1963)
Dewitte M, Vrebosch J, vanTiggelen A, Combust. Flame, 8, 257 (1964)
Harpur W, Fire J., 63, 38 (1969)
Grumer J, Bruzak A, "Inhibition of Coal Dust-Air Flames," U.S. Bureau of Mines Report on Investigations 7552 (1971)
Woolhouse R, Sayers D, Fire J., 67, 85 (1973)
Altman R, "Laboratory Evaluation of Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishants," Western States Section Combustion Institute Fall Technical Meeting, El Segundo, CA (1973)
Babkin V, V'yun A, Combust. Explosion Shockwaves, 7, 339 (1971)
Reuther J, "Measures of Effectiveness and Mechanisms for Chemical and Physical Inhibition of Quenched and Adiabatic Premixed Flames," 10th Materials Research Symposium on Characterization of High Temperature Vapors and Gases, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 561, 2, 1281 (1979)
Burgess D, Hertzberg M, Richmond J, Liebman I, Cashdollar K, Lazzara C, "Combustion, Extinguishment, an Devolatilization in Coal Dust Explosions," Paper 79-13, Western States Section Combustion Institute Spring Technical Meeting Provo, UT (1979)
Richmond J, Liebman I, Bruszak A, Miller L, "A Physical Description of Coal Mine Explosions, Part II," Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1257 (1979)
Hertzberg M, Cashdollar K, Lazzara C, "The Limits of Flammability of Pulverized Coals and Other Dusts," Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 717 (1979)
Smoot L, Horton D, "Exploratory Studies of Flame and Explosion Quenching," Volume 1, Final Report to the U.S. Bureau of Mines on Grant No GO177034 from Brigham Young University (1978)
Rahiman S, Choi T, Essenhigh R, "Extinction of Coal Dust Explosion Flames by Additives," International Conference on Coal Science, International Energy Agency, 593 (1983)
Hertzberg M, Cashdollar K, Lazzara C, Smith A, "Inhibition and Extinction of Coal Dust and Methane Explosions," U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8708 (1982)
Baratov A, Vogman L, KobarAzatyan V, Museride M, Dzotsenide Z, Petviashvili D, Namoradze M, Combust. Explosion Shockwaves, 12, 61 (1977)
Iya K, Wollowitz S, Kaskan W, "The Mechanism of Flame Inhibition by Sodium Salts," Fefteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 329 (1975)
Mitani T, Niioka T, "Combustion of Experiments and Theory on Heterogeneous Flame Suppressants," Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 869 (1982)
Mitani T, Combust. Flame, 50, 177 (1983)
Friedman R, Levy J, Combust. Flame, 7, 195 (1975)
McHale E, Combust. Flame, 24, 277 (1975)
Jensen D, Jones G, Mace C, "Flame Inhibition by Potassium," Journal of the Chemical Society: Faraday Transactions I, 75:10, 2377 (1979)
Kaskan W, "The Dependence of Flame Temperature on Mass Burning Velocity," Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold, NY, 134 (1957)
Iya S, Wollowitz S, Kaskan W, Combust. Flame, 22, 415 (1974)
Kaskan W, Reuther J, "Limiting Equivalence Ratio, Dissociation, and Self-Inhibition in Premixed, Quenched Fuel-Rich Hydrocarbon/Air Flames," Sixteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1083 (1977)
Cashdollar K, Hertzberg M, "Measurements of Particle and Gas Temperatures of Coal Dust Explosions and Flames," Paper 29, Eastern States Section combustion Institute Fall Technical Meeting, Miami, FL (1978)
Kim HT, "Temperature on Particle Size Dependence of Sodium Bicarbonate Inhibition of Methane/Air Flames," M.S. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, U.S.A. (1983)
Glassman I, "Combustion," Academic Press, Inc., N.Y. (1977)
Lewis B, vonElbe G, "Combustion, Flames and Explosion of Gases," Academic Press, Inc., N.Y. (1961)

[1] Dolan J, "The Suppression of Methane/air Ignitions by Fire Powders," Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold, NY, 787 (1957)

[2] McCamy C, Shoub H, Lee T, "Fire Extinguishment by Means of Dry Powder," Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold, NY, 795 (1957)

[3] Vanpee M, Tromans R, Burgess D, Prog. Astronatics Aeronautics, 15, 419 (1964)

[4] Rosser W, Inami S, Wise H, Combust. Flame, 7, 107 (1963)

[5] Lee T, Robertson A, Fire Res. Abstr. Rev., 1, 107 (1963)

[6] Dewitte M, Vrebosch J, vanTiggelen A, Combust. Flame, 8, 257 (1964)

[7] Harpur W, Fire J., 63, 38 (1969)

[8] Grumer J, Bruzak A, "Inhibition of Coal Dust-Air Flames," U.S. Bureau of Mines Report on Investigations 7552 (1971)

[9] Woolhouse R, Sayers D, Fire J., 67, 85 (1973)

[10] Altman R, "Laboratory Evaluation of Dry Chemical Fire Extinguishants," Western States Section Combustion Institute Fall Technical Meeting, El Segundo, CA (1973)

[11] Babkin V, V'yun A, Combust. Explosion Shockwaves, 7, 339 (1971)

[12] Reuther J, "Measures of Effectiveness and Mechanisms for Chemical and Physical Inhibition of Quenched and Adiabatic Premixed Flames," 10th Materials Research Symposium on Characterization of High Temperature Vapors and Gases, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 561, 2, 1281 (1979)

[13] Burgess D, Hertzberg M, Richmond J, Liebman I, Cashdollar K, Lazzara C, "Combustion, Extinguishment, an Devolatilization in Coal Dust Explosions," Paper 79-13, Western States Section Combustion Institute Spring Technical Meeting Provo, UT (1979)

[14] Richmond J, Liebman I, Bruszak A, Miller L, "A Physical Description of Coal Mine Explosions, Part II," Seventeenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1257 (1979)

[15] Hertzberg M, Cashdollar K, Lazzara C, "The Limits of Flammability of Pulverized Coals and Other Dusts," Eighteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 717 (1979)

[16] Smoot L, Horton D, "Exploratory Studies of Flame and Explosion Quenching," Volume 1, Final Report to the U.S. Bureau of Mines on Grant No GO177034 from Brigham Young University (1978)

[17] Rahiman S, Choi T, Essenhigh R, "Extinction of Coal Dust Explosion Flames by Additives," International Conference on Coal Science, International Energy Agency, 593 (1983)

[18] Hertzberg M, Cashdollar K, Lazzara C, Smith A, "Inhibition and Extinction of Coal Dust and Methane Explosions," U.S. Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 8708 (1982)

[19] Baratov A, Vogman L, KobarAzatyan V, Museride M, Dzotsenide Z, Petviashvili D, Namoradze M, Combust. Explosion Shockwaves, 12, 61 (1977)

[20] Iya K, Wollowitz S, Kaskan W, "The Mechanism of Flame Inhibition by Sodium Salts," Fefteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 329 (1975)

[21] Mitani T, Niioka T, "Combustion of Experiments and Theory on Heterogeneous Flame Suppressants," Nineteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 869 (1982)

[22] Mitani T, Combust. Flame, 50, 177 (1983)

[23] Friedman R, Levy J, Combust. Flame, 7, 195 (1975)

[24] McHale E, Combust. Flame, 24, 277 (1975)

[25] Jensen D, Jones G, Mace C, "Flame Inhibition by Potassium," Journal of the Chemical Society: Faraday Transactions I, 75:10, 2377 (1979)

[26] Kaskan W, "The Dependence of Flame Temperature on Mass Burning Velocity," Sixth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Reinhold, NY, 134 (1957)

[27] Iya S, Wollowitz S, Kaskan W, Combust. Flame, 22, 415 (1974)

[28] Kaskan W, Reuther J, "Limiting Equivalence Ratio, Dissociation, and Self-Inhibition in Premixed, Quenched Fuel-Rich Hydrocarbon/Air Flames," Sixteenth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 1083 (1977)

[29] Cashdollar K, Hertzberg M, "Measurements of Particle and Gas Temperatures of Coal Dust Explosions and Flames," Paper 29, Eastern States Section combustion Institute Fall Technical Meeting, Miami, FL (1978)

[30] Kim HT, "Temperature on Particle Size Dependence of Sodium Bicarbonate Inhibition of Methane/Air Flames," M.S. Dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, PA, U.S.A. (1983)

[31] Glassman I, "Combustion," Academic Press, Inc., N.Y. (1977)

[32] Lewis B, vonElbe G, "Combustion, Flames and Explosion of Gases," Academic Press, Inc., N.Y. (1961)