Three surveys were done in 2004-5 to assess the use of wood for energy in Scotland. Businesses using more than 10,000 odt y(1) dominated the sector, accounting for 131 thousand odt (k odt) which was used mainly for co-firing and heat production in the wood-processing industry. Within the category using 1000-10,000 odt y(-1) there were four developments using a total of 6 k odt y(1). In the smallest category 33 projects used a total of 4 k odt y(1). Of 4000 adults surveyed 4.8% used woodfuel at home. Data from a subset of users were combined with survey information to estimate domestic woodfuel usage (52 k odt y(-1)). The total 2004-2005 woodfuel use in Scotland was therefore estimated as 193 k odt y(-1). Industrial and commercial usage was resurveyed in 2006, 2007, and 2008. Total woodfuel usage increased to 306 and 324 k odt in 2006 and 2007 due to an increase in the use of pellets for co-firing and also the number of projects in the two smaller size classes. The following year saw the commissioning of a dedicated biomass power plant, increasing use of recycled wood and decreasing use of pellets. The net effect within the industrial and commercial sector was an increase in demand to 413 k odt y(1) by spring 2008. Domestic usage was reestimated in 2007. The number of households using woodfuel was static or decreasing slightly; we estimate an annual usage of SO k odt. Total woodfuel usage in Scotland was estimated as 463 k odt y(1) by spring 2008. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd.