This work demonstrates a feasible route to synthesize the layered polypyrrole/graphite oxide (PPy/GO) composite by in situ emulsion polymerization in the presence of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as emulsifier. AFM and XRD results reveal that the GO can be delaminated into nanosheets and well dispersed in aqueous solution in the presence of CTAB. The PPy nanowires are formed due to the presence of the lamellar mesostructured (CTA)(2)S2O8 as a template. The results of the PPy/GO composite indicate the PPy insert successfully into GO interlayers, and the nanofiber-like PPy are deposited onto the GO surface. Owing to pi-pi electron stacking effect between the pyrrole ring of PPy and the unoxided domain of GO sheets, the electrical conductivity of PPy/GO composite (5 S/cm) significantly improves in comparison with pure PPy nanowires (0.94 S/cm) and pristine GO (1 x 10(-6) S/cm). (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1329-1335, 2010