'Carbon Alloy Catalysts' (CAC), non-precious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), were prepared from various kinds of nitrogen-containing rigid-rod aromatic polymers, polyimides, polyamides and azoles, by carbonization at 900 degrees C under nitrogen flow. The catalytic activity for ORR was evaluated by the onset potential, which was taken at a current density of -21 mu A cm(-2). Carbonized polymers having high nitrogen content showed higher onset potential. In particular, CACs derived from azole (Az5) had an onset potential of 0.8V. despite being was prepared without any metals. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier B.V.