The influence of hydrophobicity on formation, stability, and size of pH-responsive methacryloylated oligopeptide-based polymer nanoparticles has been studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM), and NMR Different polyanions/surfactant systems have been studied at constant polymer concentration and within a broad range of surfactant concentrations The two newly synthesized pH-sensitive hydrophobic polyanions, poly(N-omega-methacryloyl glycyl-L-leucine) and poly(N-omega-methacryloyl glycyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-leucinyl-glycine), and three nonionic surfactants (Brij97, Brij98, and Brij700) have been investigated The surfactants were different in the length of hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chain In surfactant-free solution at basic pH, the polyanions form hydrophobic domains In the presence of a surfactant, our results prove the complex formation at high pH between the nonionic surfactant and the polyelectrolyte, a pearl-necklace structure is formed At low pH below critical pH (pH(tr)), reversible nanoscale structures occur in solutions for all systems. The detailed mechanism of the formation of pH-sensitive nanoparticles from polymer-surfactant complex with varying pH is established Our results suggest that the polymer hydrophobicity is of primary importance in pretransitional behavior of the complex Once preliminary nanoparticle nuclei ate formed, the hydrophobicity of the polymer plays a minor role on further behavior of formed nanostructures The subsequent transformation of nanoparticles is determined by the surfactant hydrophilicity. the length of hydrophilic tail that prevents further aggregation due to stem repulsions