Acrolein, a beta-unsaturated (acrylic) aldehyde, is one of the simplest multifunctional molecules, containing both alkene and aldehyde groups. Acrolein is an atmospheric pollutant formed in the photochemical oxidation of the anthropogenic VOC 1,3-butadiene, and serves as a model compound for methacrolein (MACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), the major oxidation products of the biogenic VOC isoprene. In addition, acrolein is involved in combustion and biological oxidation processes. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical analysis of the acrolein + OH + O-2 addition reactions, which is a key photochemical oxidation sequence, using the G3SX and CBS-QB3 theoretical methods. Both ab initio protocols provide relatively similar results, although the CBS-QB3 method systematically under-predicts literature heats of formation using atomization enthalpies, and also provides lower transition state barrier heights. Several new low-energy pathways for unimolecular reaction of the acrolein-OH-O-2, radicals are identified, with energy at around or below that of the acrolein-OH isomers + O-2. In each case these novel reactions have the potential to reform the hydroxyl radical (OH) and form coproducts that include glyoxal, glycolaldehyde (HOCH2CHO), formaldehyde (HCHO), CO, and substituted epoxides. Analogous reaction schemes are developed for the photochemical oxidation of MACR and MVK, producing a number of observed oxidation products. The reaction MACR + OH + O-2 -> hydroxyacetone + OH + CO is expected to be of particular importance. This study also proposes that O-2 addition to chemically activated acrolein-OH adducts can provide prompt regeneration of OH in the atmospheric oxidation of acrolein, via a double activation mechanism. This mechanism can also be extended to isoprene, MVK, and MACR. The importance of the novel chemistry revealed here in the atmospheric oxidation of acrolein and other structurally related OVOCs and VOCs requires further investigation. Additionally, a critical evaluation of the acrolein heat of formation is presented, and a new value of -16.7 +/- 1.0 kcal mol(-1) is recommended along with other thermochemical properties, from a W1 level calculation.