Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein antioxidant in mammalian cells. It has been implicated in playing an important role in different signal transduction pathways, and its depletion is an early hallmark in the progression of apoptosis in response to a number of proapoptotic stimuli. We have selectively investigated the role of GSH in cytotoxic response of Jurkat and Molt-4 human leukemic cells to the anti-cancer drug Doxorubicin. In this study, we have shown that extracellular supplementation of GSH to human leukemic cells renders them a resistant phenotype to Doxorubicin treatment. Glutathione pretreatment inhibits Doxorubicin-induced p53Ser(15) phosphorylation, caspase dependent ceramide (Cer) generation, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, and DNA fragmentation. Taken together. these results indicate that the major cellular antioxidant GSH influences the chemotherapeutic efficacy of Doxorubicin towards human leukemic cells. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.