The MixAlco (TM) process ferments lignocellulosic biomass to carboxylate salts that are concentrated by evaporation and chemically converted to a wide variety of chemicals and fuels. To avoid losses during evaporation, lime is used to convert residual carboxylic acids to their corresponding salts. If excess lime is present, it could adversely affect downstream processing. The dry carboxylate salts are thermally decomposed to produce ketones as primary products, with by-products of tars and heavy oils, hydrocarbons, synthesis gas, and other oxygenates. This study investigates the effects of lime on the product distribution during thermal decomposition of mixed calcium carboxylate salts. To predict product distribution, a random-pairing model and a Gibbs free energy minimization model were applied and assessed. Mixtures of reagent-grade calcium carboxylate salts - as well as calcium carboxylate salts from fermentation broth - were thermally decomposed at 450 degrees C. Low lime-to-salt ratios (g Ca(OH)(2)/g salt) of 0.00134 and less had a negligible effect on ketone yield. Salts with higher lime-to-salt ratios of 0.00461, 0.0190, and 0.272 showed 3.5, 4.6, and 9.4% loss in ketone yield, respectively. These losses were caused primarily by increases in tars and heavy oils; however, a three-fold increase in hydrocarbon production occurred as well. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.