In this study, bovine serum albumin (BSA) molecules are separated from suspended particles using sub-merged membrane filtration Several methods, including constant-pressure filtration with backwash, air bubble sparging and a stepwise increase in pressure, are used to reduce filtration resistance and to enhance filtration flux The effects of filtration pressure, backwash flow rate, backwash duration, air flow rate and stepwise pressure Increase on filtration flux, filtration resistances, BSA rejection and BSA production are discussed The results show that internal fouling of the filter membrane is the most Important contributor to the overall filtration resistance, while cake formation is the main determinant of BSA rejection An increase in filtration pressure leads to lower filtration flux and lower BSA rejection due to more severe internal fouling of the membrane Although additional periodic backwash or air bubble sparging increases the filtration flux relative to solely constant-pressure filtration, the filtration flux and BSA production when using a stepwise pressure Increase is much higher than with the oilier operations, especially when the latter is combined with a periodic backwash Moreover, the calculated filtration flux and BSA rejection results for constant-pressure filtration under various filtration pressures agree fairly well with experimental data. (C) 2010 Elsevier B V All rights reserved