The extraction of Au(III) from hydrochloric acid solutions using poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) based polymer inclusion membranes containing the commercial extractant Aliquat 336 as a carrier and 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, or 1-tetradecanol as a modifier is described and the rate of extraction and membrane stability are shown to be significantly dependent on the membrane composition. The membrane providing the highest extraction rate and good stability has the composition of 20% (m/m) Aliquat 336,10% (m/m) 1-dodecanol and 70% (m/m) PVC. The effect of sonication on the extraction is examined and it is shown to increase significantly the extraction rate of Au(III). This is suggested to be due to the physical effects generated during acoustic cavitation, which eliminate the aqueous stagnant diffusion layer at the membrane/solution interface. These effects also eliminate the dependence of the initial extraction rate on the initial Au(III) concentration in the aqueous phase. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.