Progress in nanomaterials and catalysis stands on three pillars: 1) synthesis of nanomaterials, including the preparation of hierarchically dispersed nanoparticles; 2) theoretical studies of materials that enable experimental results to be understood; and 3) advanced, in situ characterization during operation (operando methodology). This Research News brings a perspective on how these three pillars are blending for research in materials science, with particular emphasis on catalysis.