Amphiphilic monodisperse compounds (series B-I and B-II) and poly(ethylene imine)s (PEI-I, PEI-II, and PEI-III) with different microstructures were prepared from primary amines or poly(ethylene imine) with functional carbonates bearing cationic, hydrophobic, or amphiphilic groups. Their inhibition potential against proliferation of E. colt, S. aureus, and B. subtilis was investigated and their hemolytic activities were determined. The influence of the microstructures, the alkyl chain length and the distribution of cationic and hydrophobic groups, on their antimicrobial efficacy was studied. Amphiphilic compounds with long alkyl chains (C14-C18) directly linked to the cationic groups (series B-I) are more effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria than amphiphilic compounds in which the hydrophobic and cationic groups (series B-I!) are connected by a spacer. Poly(ethylene imine)s with amphiphilic grafts (B-I) called PEI-II are more effective than amphiphilic PEIs with the same alkyl chain but with randomly linked cationic and hydrophobic graft called PEI-I or with the amphiphilic grafts (B-II) called PEI-III. The influence of the inoculum size on the MIC value was investigated exemplarily with compounds of series B-I against S. aureus.