Energy & Fuels, Vol.26, No.5, 2641-2647, 2012
Applicability of Cloud Point Depression to "Cold Flow"
For "cold flow" and slurry (wax crystals present) flow conditions, temperature management of the oil and cooling apparatuses is tantamount to obtaining good, reliable data (Bidmus, H. O.; Mehrotra, A. K. Energy Fuels 2009, 23, 3184-3194). In the case of "cold flow", isothermal conditions between the slurry oil and a cold section of pipe are needed (Merino-Garcia, D.; Correra, S. Pet. Sci. Technol. 2008, 26, 446); however, several studies have found that isothermal conditions are in fact not needed, although the reason for the multiple-degree discrepancy was not documented to be fully understood. This study seeks to explain, at least in part, a potential reason for this discrepancy in terms of how the oil itself is cooled and conditioned. A clear model oil containing 5% normal paraffin wax and 1.5% light vacuum gas oil (LVGO) was conditioned in a well-mixed, insulated reservoir and cooled using an internal cooling coil. In practice, the fluid in the coil must be colder than the oil target temperature to reach the said target in a timely and cost-effective manner. The theory is that warm oil in the reservoir, when subjected to the subcooled surface of the coil, experiences precipitation of waxes beyond that which is expected. Because of chemistry, surface area, and energy of crystallization, a hysteresis in precipitation and dissolving temperatures exists, thus preventing these waxes from readily going back into solution. In this study, sampling is direct from the reservoir at various conditions and wax crystals are removed using paper filtration under vacuum-pressure (-10 psig) conditions to prevent inadvertent solubility changes within the solid liquid slurry mixture. The filtrate is then tested for initial cloud point using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and compared to the target oil temperature. The observed effect is a reduced filtrate cloud point between the target bulk temperature and coil temperature. This qualitative study suggests that, because of this reduction in the filtrate cloud point temperature, the temperature at which new precipitation and deposition will occur in a flowing system is reduced below what is expected. In fine, the simple act of cooling is distorting "cold flow" and other slurry flow results by reducing the component cloud point temperature of the oil.