Pd-Sil-1 composite membrane consisting of 5 mu m Pd membrane anchored by multi-leg protrusions to the 2 mu m Sil-1 intermediate support layer was prepared from Pd/Sil-1 co-seeds. The membrane displays good permeation flux and is stable for 2.5 weeks of permeation and reaction studies. The Pd-Sil-1 composite membrane was employed for direct hydroxylation of benzene to phenol. Reaction parameters including temperature and H(2)/O(2) molar feed ratio were investigated for their effects on benzene conversion, phenol yield, water generation and hydrogen efficiency. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.