Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol.56, No.9, 64-64, 2004
North Caspian Project: Challenges and successes
Development of the Kashagan field in the Kazakhstan sector of the North Caspian Sea is complex. In addition to geology, pressure, temperature, and H2S content, special conditions exist including shallow water, sea-level changes, extreme temperatures-in winter and summer seasons, ice, and environmental concerns. Kazakhstan enforces high environmental standards to ensure adequate protection for the area. Specific engineering solutions, operating methods, and protection measures were used to ensure the safety of operations and the environment.