ZrC particles were fabricated via self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) from 0 to 40 mass% Al-Zr-C elemental powder mixtures. The typical layered structures of the reaction products were observed due to the non-steady-state oscillatory motion of the combustion wave. With the A] content increasing. the reaction temperature decreased and the ZrC particle sizes evidently reduced from similar to 8 mu m in Al free to similar to 50 nm in 40 mass% Al. The microstructures and formation mechanism of ZrC have been analyzed using XRD, SEM and quenched experiment. For Al free, including the low Al content, the formation of ZrC was controlled by the dissolution of C into a Zr melt or a solid ZrC layer. While for the high Al content, the formation of ZrC was controlled by the dissolution of C into a Zr-Al melt and the precipitation of ZrC, in which Al serves not only as a diluent to inhibit the ZrC particles from coarsening. but also as an intermediate reactant to participate in the reaction process. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.