결정질 실리콘 태양광시스템의 물 발자국 산정에 대한 연구

나원철; 김영환; 김경남; 이관영; Won-Cheol Na; Younghwan Kim; Kyung Nam Kim; Kwan-Young Lee

Clean Technology, Vol.20, No.4, 449-456, December, 2014

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결정질 실리콘 태양광시스템의 물 발자국 산정에 대한 연구

Analysis on the Water Footprint of Crystalline Silicon PV System

나원철, 김영환, 김경남 ^†, 이관영

고려대학교 에너지환경정책대학원 · 고려대학교 그린스쿨, 136-713 서울특별시 성북구 안암로 145

Won-Cheol Na, Younghwan Kim, Kyung Nam Kim^†, and Kwan-Young Lee

Green School, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seonbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Korea

E-mail:

초록

기후변화로 인한 국지적인 이상가뭄 빈발 및 물수지 관련 불확실성 증가 등으로 각국에서는 사용가능한 담수량 확보, 즉 물안보 문제가 크게 대두되고 있다. 사용가능한 담수량 중 상당부분이 전력을 생산하는 발전 분야에도 사용되기 때문에 그 중요성이 점차 증대하고 있다. 신재생에너지원인 태양광발전은 설비제조, 설치 및 운전의 전 과정(life cycle)에서 수자원을 소비하지만 전통적인 에너지원인 화력발전이나 원자력발전에 비하면 상대적으로 수자원을 적게 사용한다는 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 태양광시스템의 원료채취부터 운영발전까지 물 사용량을 알아보기 위해 전 과정의 물 발자국을 측정하여 그 결과를 분석했다. 물 발자국 산정결과 태양광시스템의 전체 물 발자국은 0.989 m3/MWh이며, 폴리실리콘과 태양전지 공정에서 물 발자국이 높게 나타났다. 폴리실리콘 공정은 에너지 다소비 공정이기 때문에 냉각수 사용량이 많았고 태양전지 공정에서는 고효율 결정질 실리콘 세척을 위한 탈 이온수(deionized water) 사용량이 많았기 때문에 물 발자국이 높은 것으로 보인다. 태양광발전은 기존 에너지원보다 물 사용량이 적은 발전원임을 확인할 수 있었으며, 에너지 분야의 물 사용량을 절감할 수 있는 가치를 가지고 있음을 알 수 있다. 향후 에너지정책 결정에 있어서 신재생에너지의 부가적인 가치로서 물 발자국 개념의 도입이 중요하다.

There has been increasing concerns for the problems of water security in countries, caused by the frequent occurrence of localized drought due to the climate change and uncertainty of water balance. The importance of fresh water is emphasized as considerable amount of usable fresh water is utilized for power generation sector producing electricity. PV power system, the source of renewable energy, consumes water for the every steps of life cycle: manufacturing, installation, and operation. However, it uses relatively less water than the traditional energy sources such as thermal power and nuclear power sources. In this study, to find out the use of water for the entire process of PV power system from extracting raw materials to operating the system, the footprint of water in the whole process is measured to be analyzed. Measuring the result, the PV water footprint of value chain was 0.989 m3/MWh and the water footprint appeared higher specially in poly-Si and solar cell process. The following two reasons explain it: poly-Si process is energy-intensive process and it consumes lots of cooling water. In solar cell process, deionized water is used considerably for washing a high-efficiency crystalline silicon. It is identified that PV system is the source using less water than traditional ones, which has a critical value in saving water. In discussing the future energy policy, it is vital to introduce the concept of water footprint as a supplementary value of renewable energy.

Keywords:Water footprint;Crystalline silicon PV system;Life cycle assessment;Water consumption;Power generation

[References]

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Kim JB, Kang H, Park KH, J. Kor. Soc. Environ. Eng., 35(6), 400 (2013)
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Fthenakis V, Kim HC, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 14, 2039 (2010)
Ju HS, Yeon SM, Shin YJ, Kim B, Lim NH, Jeong HC, Hong EP, Clean Technol., 18(4), 440 (2012)

[Related Articles]

[1] UN, WWDR, 4, 52 (2012)

[2] Kenny JF, Barber NL, Hutson SS, Linsey KS, Lovelace JK, Maupin MA, USGS, 4 (2005)

[3] Hoekstra AY, Chapagain AK, Aldaya MM, Mekonnen MM, Earthscan, 1 (2011)

[4] Wackernagel M, Rees W, “Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth,” New Society Publishers (1996)

[5] Allan JA, Groundwater, 36(4), 545 (1998)

[6] Hoekstra AY, Hung PQ, “Virtual Water Trade: A Quantification of Virtual Water Flows between Nations in Relation to International Crop Trade,” Value of Water Research Report Series No. 11 (2002)

[7] Chapagain AK, Hoekstra AY, “Water Footprint of Nations,” UNESCO-IHE, No. 16 (2004)

[8] Wild-Scholten MJ, Alsema EA, “Environmental Life Cycle Inventory of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module Production,” Materials Research Society, Materials Research Society Fall 2005 Meeting (2005)

[9] Gerbens-Leenes PW, Hoekstra AY, Vander Meer TH, Res. Report Series, 29, 19 (2008)

[10] Althaus HJ, Hischier R, Osses M, Primas A, Hellweg S, Jungbluth N, Chudacoff M, “Life Cycle Inventories of Chemicals,” Ecoinvent Centre, Ecoinvent Report No. 8 (2007)

[11] Kim JB, Kang H, Park KH, J. Kor. Soc. Environ. Eng., 35(6), 400 (2013)

[12] Mary A, “Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice,” EPA, EPA/600/R-06/060 (2006)

[13] Hoekstra AY, Chapagain AK, Aldaya MM, Mekonnen MM, Earthscan, 19 (2011)

[14] Fthenakis V, Kim HC, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 14, 2039 (2010)

[15] Ju HS, Yeon SM, Shin YJ, Kim B, Lim NH, Jeong HC, Hong EP, Clean Technol., 18(4), 440 (2012)